Manual of the american railway engineering association 1929

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Copyright Office. National Union Catalog Subcommittee. Flagging Rules on Railroads by United States. Reference Books of by Isadore Gilbert Mudge. According to an interesting article by George Goodall that I encountered recently it dates back to at least when the term was noted for the first time in the "Manual of the American Railway Engineering Association". Today, TCO is a constituent of every procurement textbook and used by professional category managers as a methodology and philosophy which looks beyond the price of a purchase to include many other costs along the entire life-cycle of a product or service.

According to the last Roland Berger Purchasing Excellence Study it belongs to the top 5 strategic priorities of procurement leaders. In Wikipedia the principle is explained by an example from the transportation industry: the cost of owning a vehicle from the time of purchase through its operation to the time it leaves the possession of the owner includes some key cost elements like depreciation, fuel consumption, insurance, financing, repairs, taxes, maintenance and downtime costs.

Comparative TCO studies between various options help business units choose a vehicle to fit their needs and budget. A solid and meaningful TCO study requires a systematic determination of all relevant cost drivers and reliable cost data for each of these elements.

And it needs a thorough assessment of potential interdependencies between the elements: outsourcing of vehicle maintenance to third parties may reduce maintenance costs but may increase downtimes and be even more costly at the end. Their system is loosely based on practices developed in the United Kingdom during the early years of railway development.

However, North American practice diverged from that of the United Kingdom due to different operating conditions and economic factors between the two regions.

Each railway company or transit authority in Canada issues its own CROR rulebook with special instructions peculiar to each individual property. Among the distinctions are:. Railway engineering is a multi-faceted engineering discipline dealing with the design, construction and operation of all types of rail transport systems.

It encompasses a wide range of engineering disciplines, including civil engineering, computer engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, industrial engineering and production engineering. A great many other engineering sub-disciplines are also called upon.

The rail profile is the cross sectional shape of a railway rail, perpendicular to its length. Part of a railway signaling system, a slide fence is a fence whose purpose is to prevent trains from being derailed by rockslides in mountainous areas where rockslides may occur without warning.

The fence is designed to be displaced by a rock slide, causing the signaling system to display a stop aspect on nearby signals. As an alternative, a structural fence is designed to physically stop falling rocks from reaching the tracks. Positive train control PTC is a system of functional requirements for monitoring and controlling train movements and is a type of train protection system. The term stems from control engineering. The train is only allowed to move in case of positive movement allowance.

It generally improves the safety of railway traffic. Automatic block signaling ABS is a railroad communications system that consists of a series of signals that divide a railway line into a series of sections, or "blocks". The system controls the movement of trains between the blocks using automatic signals. ABS operation is designed to allow trains operating in the same direction to follow each other in a safe manner without risk of rear-end collision.

The introduction of ABS reduced railways' costs and increased their capacity. Older manual block systems required human operators. The automatic operation comes from the system's ability to detect whether blocks are occupied or otherwise obstructed, and to convey that information to approaching trains.

The system operates without any outside intervention, unlike more modern traffic control systems that require external control to establish a flow of traffic. Interoperable Communications Based Signaling ICBS is an initiative backed by the Federal Railroad Administration to enhance interoperability and signaling procurement in the railway system of the United States by creating a single national standard for train control and command systems.

The concept was launched in and an interoperable prototype system was successfully demonstrated in January NRC is a trade association in the railroad and rail transit construction industry. A flange-bearing frog , often abbreviated FBF , is a type of frog in which the flange of the wheel on a railway vehicle supports the weight of the vehicle.

In conventional practice, the tread of the wheel rests on the head of the rail and bears the weight of the vehicle, while the flange is used to keep the vehicle in the gauge of the track. Modern flange-bearing frogs for use in freight railroad applications are a relatively recent development as a means to reduce maintenance costs associated with turnouts and diamonds, where rails must cross one another.